2009–2022
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“All men by nature desire to know.”
This is the first sentence of
Metaphysics
by Aristotle.
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Science reminds of the Tower of Babel.
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Science is the art of expressing the complex in simple words.
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Mathematics studies the forms of reasoning,
quantitative as well as qualitative.
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Mathematics consists in provable counting.
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Mathematics is the science of the infinitude of abilities
of
Homo finitus.
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Mathematics is mostly a humanitarian science or, in other words, an
unnatural science. The definitive particularity of mathematics
is the desire of complete elimination of anything human.
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Mathematics is not a divine gift.
Mathematics is a human enterprise,
challenge, and endeavor.
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Poincaré said that
mathematics is the art of giving the
same name to different things. It follows that
a few different names may be given to the same thing.
This is a trap for laymen: To invent new names for old things is
not mathematics.
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The mathematician seeks for common features of different things.
The grifter makes different things look alike.
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Farfetched is any comparison between mathematics and physics or
linguistics.
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Science had ceased to be mathematics ages ago, but still
carries the genome of
mathesis universalis.
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Science is “supersensible,” implying that its
content cannot be wholly revealed without man.
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Science is the soul of freedom.
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Nature will remain after the extinction of mankind. But
gone for ever will be the “supersensible” human culture
that lies beyond material objects or is implanted in them
by man. This is how science will disappear, demonstrating its
anthropogenic—human—origin.
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Leadership and command have different
functions in science.
The leader paves ways, and the boss is needed for justice.
No leader must be just, and nobody needs an unjust boss.
Situation is much more intricate beyond science.
The boss must take final decisions, like Korolëv
who endorsed the resolution: “The Moon is firm.”
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Science is not a trade but a service.
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Science serves truth rather than justice.
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There is a chasm of estrangement between science and power.
Power confronts freedom which is the essence of mathematics and
entire science.
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The renegades of science lick the vertical of power.
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Mediocrity hates talent deeply and passionately,
while lavishing all kinds of hindrance and obstacle to erect.
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The academic community nurtures its own undertakers,
considering mediocrity harmless.
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Shame goes to the academic community that
relinquishes the freedom of self-control.
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Each scientist carries his own source of degradation of science.
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Self-assurance, myopia, and senility are symptoms of academic provincialism.
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The ideal academic community consists of the scientists by belief, i.e.,
the persons who consider the principles of science as imperatives.
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Science enrolls common persons, each of which turns into a scientist by belief
from time to time.
These short epiphanies are the crux, essence, and value of life in science.
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Schools and only schools make the people of science into scientists by belief.
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The academic community is alive while there is a developing science.
Since quite a few can change science, the power of
the academic community is other than zero.
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Great science tends to vanish and never resurrect in the history of particular
nations. Ancient Greece and Nazi Germany exhibited notorious examples.
If we fail to preserve science in Russia now, it
would possibly vanish for ever.
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Science is propelled by inevitable theories and inevitable
problems. The great scientists propounded not only inevitable
theories and addressed not only inevitable problems.
However, only inevitable theories and inevitable problems
had made these scientists great.
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What problems are more important—solved or unsolved? This is an example
of an ostensibly intelligent question that is incorrect to some extent.
Search of an answer seems to belong to philosophy.
However, we—the scientists of the chalk and
computer—are not adverse to the love of wisdom.
The above question might be a reason for
stopping and looking from aside at one's own life and work.
Reflection is a philosopher's bread which is edible
to us, the common persons of utilitarian specifics.
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We know theorems of a genius whereas there are no evil theorems.
However, brilliant theories and experiments coexist in the
history of mankind with misanthropic theories and
vivisection. Science alienates villainy.
Evil is the stigma of pseudoscience.
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Science serves. Pseudoscience dissolves.
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Pseudoscience is more attractive than science.
Precaution must be exercised.
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Science dislikes subjectivity and vanity from the times
of Ecclesiastes. Far from haphazard is the idea of a scientist
in an ebony tower.
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Sexism pertains to personal inclinations. It is not a grammatical issue.
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Service to science posed to man a highly intractable problem
of destroying his subjectivity. The subject destroying his
own subjectivity is the image that might inspire the
Rhodes sculptors of Laokoön.
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Man is gifted and lazy to the utmost degree.
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Talent lives in every body; genius, in a few.
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Lenity is the mother of mediocrity.
Banality is the produce of mediocrity.
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Every professor likes knowledge. The old professor prefers old knowledge;
and the young professor, new knowledge. This leads to
disharmony in education.
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The researcher esteems novelty. The naturalist adores discoveries.
The employee of science respects publication, and the scientist
likes that which makes him wiser.
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Homo vulgaris, a biological man, does not change in the sense that
he never transfers the acquired traits to his descendants.
Homo vulgaris is rather modest and simple.
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Homo socialis, a social man, transfers his skills and knowledge.
Homo socialis is selfless and optimistic.
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Homo vulgaris is mortal.
Homo socialis is not eternal
but capable of resurrection and immortality.
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Homo vulgaris is the ideal of Nietzsche.
Homo socialis is the descendant of Qohelet.
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Ego is the measure of
Homo vulgaris.
The measure of
Homo socialis is personality.
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Leo Tolstoy's formula:
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Personality is broader than professionalism.
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Grandeur is not an indulgence.
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De mortuis aut bene, aut nihil. This mismatches
the immortal.
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Shakespeare was a dramatist, and science is not a superstition.
This is worthy to observe while reading Leo Tolstoy.
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Superficiality and thoughtlessness are extenuating
circumstances for fools rather than geniuses.
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Great men made quite a few mistakes, but it is indecent
to put buffoon's caps on them.
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Religion, the ancient psychotherapy, is created by man for himself
and oriented to himself, alleviating him from the burdens
of the real world and promising regeneration or immortality
after death. It is the Lord or ancestors rather than man
who occupy the center of religion.
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Science is created by man for future generations.
It enables man to overcome his biological
limits and to acquire immortality in descendants.
Man is the source and aim of science.
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Religion is an idol of
Homo vulgaris.
Science is a tool of
Homo socialis.
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Religion is confessed and professed.
Science is studied, developed, and improved.
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Religion orders. Science teaches.
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Religion serves to man; and
science, to mankind.
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Religion separates. Knowledge unites.
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Mankind is totally disconnected. Knowledge is not.
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Religion bases on belief rather than facts and logic.
Science bases on facts and logic rather than belief.
It is not unusual that a man of science and a man of religion
agree with the first statement and quarrel about the second.
The believer says that the disbeliever does not understand
the impossibility of science without
belief and fails to discern the presence of belief as the ultimate
source of science. The disbeliever states a real fact
about religion, not offending his opponent.
The believer asserts that his opponent does believe but is unaware of that.
In other words, the disbeliever is a simpleton lost in his feelings.
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Pseudoscience, in contrast to religion, is disguised in the
garments of science and passes its stupidities off as scientific achievements.
Pseudoscience exploits the authority of science, thus discrediting knowledge.
Pseudoscience hinders the intellectual liberation of humans,
destroying the scientific grounds of their outlook.
That is why pseudoscience is an enemy of freedom.
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Man's outlook is a personal phenomenon.
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Everybody looks at the world by themselves.
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It is in words that man perceives most of what he encounters.
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All greatest languages of the world contain the concepts of triangle,
circle, square, plane, mass and weight,
Archimedean spiral, molecules and atoms,
Kepler's laws, electron and neutrino, flutter and jet engine,
penicillin and viagra, computer and television set, etc.
These concepts, stemming from science, become familiar to everybody
and so enter into their mentality.
The concepts of science are part and parcel of anyone's
personal outlook. These concepts are the same for all, independently
of race, sex, nationality, citizenship, and confession.
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The proposition that touches and wakes up thought
was not pronounced in vain.
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A universal proposition is vulgar.
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Generalization makes a proposition commonplace.
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The proposition that is pondered over liberates mind.
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Beauty is a relation rather than property.
There is no beauty without man. Beauty is a harmony of the
properties of an object and the internal state of a subject.
Harmony can be traced objectively as consistency and falsifiability
of theories. There are subjective feelings of harmony,
evolving the endorphins of happiness.
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Comprehension is the harmony of what is in reality and what
is perceived. That which is understood is beautiful.
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The beauty of conceptions is in their inevitability.
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The beauty of science is the comprehension of truth.
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Common sense is a special gift of
Homo sapiens. The senses of smell, touch, eyesight,
and hearing, as well as self-awareness to some extent and even the gift of speech,
are shared with animals who lack common sense. Common sense is the
comprehension that unites people. Common sense acts at the spur of the moment,
suggesting an immediate solution. Common sense is broader than science
as distinguishing good from evil. Science is deeper than common sense,
justifying solutions by comprehension.
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Common sense is subjective and resembles the
spiritual elan of belief, that is the force superseding the capabilities of
facts and logic.
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Common sense is a kind of the vestibular apparatus of reason.
The instantaneous, although not faultless, separation of right from wrong
is the principal disclosure of common sense.
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Common sense is the moral law within.
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Meaning is that which belongs to man. No man, no meaning.
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Feelings separate humans, and reason unites.
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Man produces circumstances and obeys them as time passes by.
The power of many stable institutions relies on
observation of written and unwritten protocols. Procedure and tradition
are not so bad tools of defence against the sins and weaknesses of man.
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Everyone might compare themselves with Gauss and try to equate themselves
to Gauss, but the averages and trends are treated in a different fashion.
By the way, this is done on using the tricks of Gauss whose gift
was far from the midpoint of the Gaussian distribution
of talent versus social environment.
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It is hardly possible to discern no differences between national cultures.
For instance, the Russian words учёный, учитель and ученик
have the same lexical base, whereas in English we encounter
scientist, pupil, and
teacher.
Student stems from
study; and
professor, from
profess.
The Russian words наука and совесть are not lexically dependent
in contrast to
science and
conscience.
Many mental distinctions between Russian and Western scientists become
clearer in this connection.
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The teacher is responsible for the quality of
communication, despite his general neglect of the relevant duties.
It is an easy matter to avoid “bending over backward” and deliver
lectures from rotten sheets of paper, chanting that the grandparents
had learned that way and you all know how good this turned out.
The teacher must “do his utmost,” adapting his course
to the challenges of today.
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Learning and teaching is a duty and fun.
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Dignity is the adequate positioning in life.
Happiness consists in keeping dignity.
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In contrast to the general belief, happiness lies in harmony between dreams and wishes rather
than in harmony between wishes and possibilities. It is not by chance that
the Bible imposes restrictions on wishes rather than dreams. Had you wishes,
there would be possibilities. Rarely successful is the traversal
between the Scylla of dreams and the Charybdis of wishes.
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The employer always views the failure of performance or bad performance of a contract
as a fault of the contractor. In regard to the public contract,
people are the employer, and the contractor is power.
The principal mistake of power is the intention to benefit
people with what they did not ask. Power is convinced in the stupidity of
people who never know what they are truly in need of.
“They will be grateful to us later on”—this is the intrinsic motivation of power.
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Absurdity remains absurdity, belief and eloquence notwithstanding.
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The gift of mathematics goes from master to student.
The alternating chain of masters and students
is the true savior of mathematics.
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Mental continuity is a precious gift allowing us
to preserve the experience of our ancestors.
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The first transfinite act of mankind is the
invention of the idea of the total assembly of naturals.
From the writings by Aristotle and
Psammites
by Archimedes
the idea of infinity is the focus of
intellectual search of all times and nations.
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The definition of mathematics as the science of the infinite has religious roots.
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The monads of Leibniz as well as the fluxions and fluents of Newton
are products of the heroic epoch of the telescope and microscope.
The von Neumann universe of the mid-twentieth century
implements the Pythagorean dictum—“All is number.”
Measuring infinity by number is the crux of the revealing research of
the genius Cantor.
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Geometry deals with the quantitative and qualitative
properties of spatial forms and relations.
The criteria for equality of triangles provide instances of
qualitative geometric knowledge. Finding lengths, areas, and volumes
exemplifies quantitative research. The incommensurability
of the side and diagonal of a square became an outstanding discovery
of Euclidean geometry.
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Science has confronted the problem of counting the continuum
since remote ages.
When our ancestors had demonstrated the absence of any
common measure of the side and diagonal of a square, they understood that
rational numbers are scarce for practical purposes.
It is worth recalling that the set of rational numbers is equipollent with
the collection of natural numbers. This means that all rational numbers
comprise a countable set, thus serving as an instance
of the cardinal number that we use to express the size of the
imaginary collection of all entries of the natural series.
The most ancient idea of the potential infinity in the
form of consecutive counting turned out insufficient for
quantitative analysis in geometry.
The discovery that the side and diagonal of a square are incommensurable
is the height of mathematics as awesome and ethereal as
the independence of the fifth postulate,
the axiom of choice, and the continuum hypothesis.
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Mankind needed Pythagorean triples. The result by Wiles
is of no interest to mankind, although
its existence feeds pride and curiosity.
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The rise of the natural series is a transfinite act.
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A straight line segment decomposes into points in the theory of convergence of Fourier series.
To measure parts of a segment with transfinite numbers
is the problem of the continuum in the same sense in which
the ancient tried to commensurate the diagonal and side of a square.
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A number is a measure of quantity. Calculus is reduction to numbers.
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Mathematics was and still is the craft of formulation, the art
of computation, and the science of calculus.
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Analysis appeared as differential and integral calculus.
Differentiation discovers trends, and integration forecasts the future from
trends.
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Geometry and topology are the calculus of spatial forms.
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Algebra is the calculus of unknowns, and
logic is the calculus of truth and proof.
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Arithmetic had been the prehistory of mathematics which was
born as the Hellenistic geometry, turned into the Oriental algebra,
and became the Occidental analysis.
The twentieth century demonstrated the benefits of reunion of the
hypostases of mathematics by way of set theory which inadvertently gave rise to
the utmost dogmatism.
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Model theory evaluates truth and proof.
Computable model theory counts truth and proof.
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Logic liberates mathematics
by model theory.
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Mathematics becomes logic.
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Logic organizes and orders our ways of thinking,
manumitting us from conservatism in choosing the objects and methods
of research. Logic of today is a fine instrument and
institution of mathematical freedom.
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“Das
Wesen der
Mathematik
liegt gerade in ihrer
Freiheit.”
The essence of mathematics resides in freedom.
Therefore, the essence of the mathematician resides in freedom.
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Abstraction is the freedom of generalization. Freedom is the loftiest ideal
and idea of man, but it is demanding, limited, and vexing.
So is abstraction.
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Abstraction is the mother of reason and the gist of mathematics.
It enables us to collect the particular
instances of any many with some property we observe or study.
Abstraction entails generalization and proceeds by analogy.
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Freedom is a many-place predicate.
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No freedom is exercised in solitude.
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To transform the noble desire for freedom into hatred and
cruelty is a popular fixation and hobby horse of humans through ages.
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Mind proceeds by reason and vice versa.
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“Scholastic” differs from “scholar.”
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Abstraction is limited
by taste, tradition, and common sense. The challenge of abstraction
is alike the call of freedom.
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The ideas of description, finitism, intuitionism, and
similar heroic attempts at the turn of the twentieth century in search of
the sole genuine and ultimate foundation were unavoidable by way of
liberating mathematics from the illusionary dreams of categoricity.
The collapse of the eternal unicity and absolutism was a triumph and
tragedy of the mathematical ideas of the first two decades of
the twentieth century.
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The loss of certainty is a colossal acquisition of mathematics
and liberation from the tethers of categoricity.
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The refusal of unicity and the desire of unity are the bicolor
of mathematics in the twentieth century.
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An expert in nonstandard analysis is
a nanoanalyst, nanalyst, or nonanalyst.
Usage splits.
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Isomorphism is in no way a ground for unification of names.
On the contrary, to speak of isomorphism we need two things
(and, hence, two names). It is not by chance that
mathematics is viewed as the art of saying the same in different words.
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An algorithm is an artifact of a mathematical technology.
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Any calculus is intentional.
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Technology proceeds from problem to problem using theories as
signposts and tools. Theory proceeds from conception to
conception, using problems as tests.
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Priority may be viewed as a binary relation.
Sometimes, priority means prevalence. For instance,
the interests of humans have priority over the interests of
animals. Speaking about priority, in most cases we simply imply
the first appearance at the time axis.
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By default, the first in time has priority.
Independence of events is not directly tied with priority.
The phrase “independently and twenty years later”
is the testimony of the long-term ignorance and the present-day stupidity
of its author.
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Each great idea integrates a long prehistory, and so
the priority of its formulation is often a matter of convention.
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Priority is useful, since its presence expunges accusations in plagiarism.
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Priority exists between persons, never presenting a property of an object of science.
Of import to the scientist are the truth of his results and the public quest for them.
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Priority and the place in the hierarchy of the academic community
are important things of shallow value to the scientist by belief.
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Who created differential calculus? This is an example of an ill-posed problem.
Of use and relevance is to know how differential calculus had sprang to life.
The independence of the discoveries of Leibniz and Newton is obvious, since
their approaches, intellectual backgrounds, and intentions
were radically different. However, the groundless priority quarrel between
Leibniz and Newton has become the behavioral pattern
for many generations of scientists.
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Leibniz and Newton discovered the same formulas, part of which had already been known.
Leibniz, as well as Newton, had his own priority in the invention of
differential and integral calculus. Indeed, these scientists
suggested the versions of mathematical analysis which were based
on different grounds. Leibniz founded analysis on actual infinitesimals, resting on his
philosophical system known as monadology. The key of Newton was
his method of “prime and ultimate ratios” which is rightfully
associated with the modern limit theory.
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The insane and sleazy attempts at preserving the memory of great scientists in the
names of the units of dimensional physical quantities brought to science the
esoteric features of obscurantism.
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Differential calculus had appeared firstly as the technique of finite differences:
Some continuous shape was spread over the discrete infinitesimal frame.
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Fate puts everything in due order: The mechanistic ideas of Newton
occupied an honorable place in the second row halls of the history of natural sciences,
leaving the central enfilade for the views of Einstein.
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The demand ever increases of the scientific optimism of
Leibniz—his dream of
Calculemus and belief in the best of the worlds.
Curiously, Newton, who passed away as a top bureaucrat and pseudoscientist
honored by a flock of flatterers, steps aside in the human mind to
give room to the miserable and despised Leibniz whose funeral was attended just by two persons.
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There is no duality between algebra and geometry.
Algebra and geometry coexist in unity.
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There are problems we fail to address: We do not know what an operator or space is
in fact.
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Definitions, axioms, and proofs were prior to Euclid.
The merit of Euclid is that he had seen in these the universal
mechanism for defending knowledge from subjectivity.
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Immortal is the exploit of Euclid who made a universal
panorama of the antique mathematics. In the eighteenth century
the traditions of Euclid were sustained by Euler whose textbooks are still living.
The outstanding examples of universality belong to the twentieth century.
The collective project of Bourbaki neighbors the unparallel generosity
of the mathematical encyclopedists Dieudonné, Lang, and Smirnov.
Da Vinci, Roget, and Webster are giants of the world culture
who brought fame to their nations. The exploit of Smirnov who
continued the pedagogical tradition of Euler in Russia ranked him alongside
Dahl and Karamzin.
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Ostrogradski and Luzin are equal in the universality
of creative contributions of their students.
The traditions of universality proliferate in
the best mathematical schools of Russia and, primarily, in Kolmogorov's school.
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How nice is that Gromov and Perelman carry the spiritual luggage
of A.D. [Alexandrov].
How marvelous is that the world of A. N. [Kolmogorov] resided in Arnold and Gelfand.
How just is that the soul of N.N. [Luzin] lived in A.N. and P.S.
[Aleksandroff].
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Precedents, samples, and examples carry a definite proving force.
Euclid owed nothing to Hilbert. Perelman owes much to Poincaré.
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The mathematician is not a know-it-all nor a trickster.
The mathematician is the one who distinguishes between what is proved
and what is unproved. Mathematics requires proofs, thus setting
mind in order.
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It is not shameful to be a mathematician.
It is shameful to be only a mathematician.
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Mac Lane, a co-founder of category theory, coined the term
“working mathematician” and confronted the work in
mathematics with excellent mathematics that must be inevitable, illuminating,
deep, relevant, responsive, and timely.
Excellent mathematics belongs to excellent mathematicians,
mathematicians
par excellence.
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The slovenly style is not the only danger for the author.
Any well-written but ill-positioned article distracts the reader
from whatever seminal and practicable ideas. The deceptive title and
improper perspectives confuse the reader not less than the
meticulous details of relevance to the author and immaterial to the reader.
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The clever author presumes the wit of the reader.
Do not disappoint the clever author by neglecting the essence of his writings.
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Breakthroughs happen at the boundary with the unbeknown, i.e.,
at the frontiers of science.
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The boundary of knowledge is fractal and there are no reasons to assume it
rectifiable or measurable.
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The proofs of the fractality of the boundary of knowledge are galore.
Among them we list the ceaseless growth of pseudoscience and other
instances of obscurantism.
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Any thesis is an instance of saying.
Any saying is an instance of common sense.
Sayings are in common parlance but it is
de mauvais ton to proclaim that which
defies the stock of adages, saws, and proverbs.
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Mathematics belongs to man, whereas formalization is
the primogenitor of the computer. The computer rules over
the realms of formalization. Therefore, any claim of universal formalization
contradicts the most ancient and noble saying
of mathematics, the Euclid Thesis which reads:
“There are no king's ways to mathematics.”
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The Euclid Thesis concerns the computer.
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The computer is an off-roader rather than dozer.
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There is no backward traffic in science.
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The quality of translation
depends on many factors. In particular, it is directly proportional to
the translator's knowledge of the subject of the article under translation
as well as to his mastery over the language of translation.
At the same time it is inversely proportional to
the translator's confidence in his familiarity with the subject and
to the self-conceit of his skills.
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Professionalism implies wit and, consequently, profound criticism
which manifests itself primarily in self-control.
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Self-esteem by clear communication is one of the most
important mottoes of a perfect translator. In particular,
there is no need in preserving the flaws you meet.
Eliminate all misprints and obvious shortcomings.
Battle inaccuracies and senseless expressions,
but introduce any changes with utmost care, correcting only those
stylistical, grammatical, terminological, and similar defects
that are perfectly conspicuous.
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Mathematics and economics have antipodal standards of scientific thought.
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Despite antediluvian opinions,
mathematics will come in handy for the working economist.
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Calculation will supersede prophecy.
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Economics as a boon companion of mathematics will avoid merging
into any esoteric part of the humanities, or politics, or {\it belles-lettres}.
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The new generations of mathematicians will treat the puzzling problems
of economics as an inexhaustible source of inspiration and
an attractive arena for applying and refining their formal methods.
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Ignorance is not an argument but the state revealing
indolence in the past, immaturity at present, and
degradation in the future. It is impossible to know everything.
Therefore, ignorance is an improper positioning of oneself
with respect to the boundary between the known and the unknown
rather than some gaps in education.
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Ignorance is oppressive, but leaves room for perfection.
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What is watery sinks lower.
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The theory of a “mathematical superman” is the
standpoint that the stronger mathematician has more rights than
the weaker colleague, implying that humans are not equal
in facing the longstanding laws of morality and ethics.
It is this ideology that Grothendieck calls meritocratic
and hates with a vengeance.
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Sycophancy of the present day, pompous moralizing, and offense
to the past and ancestors are the evil deeds of a lout.
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Rudeness on bones is vile.
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It is instructive to see the absence of fastidiousness
and conscience in those who consider the public rostrum for apologizing murder
an indispensable call of freedom.
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The nasty things of the past are the support of the scoundrels of today and
the hope of the scoundrels of the future.
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Self-conceit and boasting disparage oneself.
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Routine is a specter of illumination.
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Any good piece of research will be noticed and understood when possible.
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Criticism is a necessary trait of wit, implying self-criticism.
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Self-criticism is a crucial test for intelligence.
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The task of a scientist is to preserve and enhance knowledge.
To evaluate the contribution of a scientist is a secondary matter
of concern to the environment and descendants.
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A jubilee is not a rehearsal of a funeral service, but a feast of acquaintance.
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The life of a person is a unique experiment, the sequence of events
governed by some hidden rules of control.
There are appropriated technologies of pattern recognition,
for instance, in cryptology. To see what is deciphered is sometimes possible
by splitting the sequence under study and comparing the remnants in pairs.
A jubilee is a day of the cameral treatment of life's data and the search for
the hidden laws of the itinerary of the person whose anniversary we celebrate.
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Man is responsible to himself and the others.
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Dominance in population is the wild-beast instinct behind most of
the ugly human passions and sins.
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Neither anti-Semite nor racist is the obligatory epithet of a rapscallion.
•
It is not true that each of the distinguished persons branded as anti-Semite
or racist was such indeed. However all of them deserve this notoriety since they
never disdain antisemitism nor racism, making filth into means for achieving
personal aims.
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There are plenteous choices between good and evil,
and all of them are nobody's else but yours.
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Responsibility is an ingredient of the person's outlook:
“This world is the world of mine, and I am responsible
for my world.”
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Self-responsibility is conscience,
that is shame and blame directed to
oneself.
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The presence or absence of conscience has nothing in common
with responsibility to the others.
Quite a few persons who served their jail terms remain absolutely
irresponsible. History collects heaps of data about
the pharaohs, emperors, secretary generals, and presidents that
were completely devoid of conscience.
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Conscience is superior to necessity.
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To obey conscience is a chance.
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Stupidity is inborn, but wisdom is acquired.
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Sour is the taste of order.
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Power yields the force of order; and conscience, moral authority.
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Respect is higher than love and hatred. Sympathy is impossible
without respect; and compassion, without sympathy.
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The highest gift is comprehension without which there is
no compassion. Comprehension leads to truth and good,
to refusal of hatred in favor of love.
•
Do not that which is usual, but do that which must be done.
Behave yourself not as usual but nobly.
•
The past is that which was. The present is that which is.
The future is that which will be. This clear-cut statement
is irrefutable but prefatory. The past is the zone of responsibility.
The present is the arena of action. The future is the field of possibility.
•
Moral nihilism consists in oblivion of the past.
•
“The past crimes are buried in the past. The past is absent at
present. Therefore, the past crimes are absent now. So,
let bygones be bygones.” This sophism brings about the false opinion that
nobody could recall and take into account the crimes of the past
in view of the period of limitations.
•
No fact is ever destroyed by whatever repeals.
No error disappears unless it had been repaired.
Always evil is to forget the past and its lessons.
•
Nobody can change the past. Anyone can repair some mistakes.
Anyone can expiate part of one's guilt.
•
We are responsible for the past and choose the version of the future today.
Relationships between us are exactly the instances of our attitude to one another.
Our means effect our aims and can lead to the latter or somewhere aside.
•
To err is human, which is revealed in the
presumption that everyone differs their defeats from
victories. However this is groundless. We should not distinguish
between defeats and victories since these are inseparable.
There is neither victory free of defeat nor defeat free of victory.
However, success and failure are definitely different.
Defeat is connected with mistakes. The defeated learn from their mistakes
and have a chance to become wiser. Victors
are in a worse position: Victims surrender to the victors, pleading mercy
rather than appealing to wisdom.
•
Entropy grows and good turns into evil with
the necessity of the second law of thermodynamics.
Adaptability, adequacy, and openness transform into
self-conceit, incompetence, and
Machiavellianism in the conditions of uncontrollable and
unlimited power.
Science is not an exception. History exhibits plenty of examples,
demonstrating that no branch of science inoculates its servants with morality,
and any power carries the dominant gene of tyranny.
•
Gerontological demarcation is useful.
The enthusiasm and enterprise of the young must be commended
alongside the potential of innovation and the experience of leadership
of the senior generations of scientists.
•
Man must know, understand, and be capable of something rather than
participate in, preside over, and be a member of anything.
Life rushes to its twilight, and so always reasonable is
to do something important rather than
wasting time on trifles. Pay debts to the elders, exhibit examples
to the youngsters, and finish that which is still undone.
•
Science has never betrayed and will never compromise its principles.
Ostensibly bigoted and prone to indolence every now and then,
mankind is pragmatic and even greedy but cares for its hard-earned
treasures. Anyone likes commanding, but everyone
displays vigilance and distrust of any power and any
attempt of any person or crew to manipulate others and enforce
on the others whatever personal or corporate volitions and views.
Humans are not impeccable but far from hopeless.
Their scepticism, curiosity, and free mind are the never-ending sources
of the inexorable powers and astounding miracles of science.
•
Sowing truth as a tool of good is a tradition of the Russian mathematical school.
Egocentrism, jealousy, hatred, and idiocy in the form of
patriotic xenophobia are the pernicious weeds of science in Russia.
Neither these nor other kinds of human passions
can ever exterminate the shoots of truth and good as demonstrated
by the tragic history of the Russian science.
This leaves us hope.
•
Probability is the calculus of chances, and statistics is
the calculus of data.
•
The bucket list leaves no room for regrets.
•
The academic community must withstand misconduct within its ranks.
•
Euler means nobility in math. Nobility is
bequeathed.
•
Scientific ideas are better
grasped in a broad cultural context.
•
“Things” are not the same as “concepts.” Concepts in mathematics
are definitions. Concepts in philosophy seem to be perceptions of
whatever kinds of “things.”
•
The art of invention had belonged to mathematicians from the
Enlightenment up to Cauchy but was abandoned on a wild goose chase
of the ultimate foundation. This underlines the modern
discrepancy of mentalities in physics and mathematics.
•
The intentions of Newton and Leibniz were similar in that both
tried to explain the world before them
mathematically. Both were religious and both believed in what the Bible had
narrated.
Since the creation of the universe was finished in a week and never resumed,
the present-day state of the mechanics of the world seemed to be determined from
the initial conditions in a unique fashion. Equality was the idea of uniformity
and uniqueness before the Lord. Newton's views reflect these ideas.
•
Leibniz wrote about the best of all possible worlds. For him the
universe world was created once and so the problem was to reveal the
principles of the divine choice. The Lord is omnipresent in every
ingredient of the universe. This led Leibniz to reconsideration of the
idea of the monad he had known from Euclid. Mathematics of Hellas had
two kinds of atoms—points and monads. Leibniz was monistic and he
combined the two different definitions of Euclid into the sole concept
of his monad. These ideas underlaid the invention of the calculus in
the Age of Enlightenment.
•
The Enlightenment was in fact approximation to better
understanding of God's plot. Euclid was not especially
interested in unique existence since the idea of uniqueness was not
essential in the religion of Ancient Greece. The prevalence of
unique existence has started with the Enlightenment. Christianity
and absolutism were the pillars of the culture of the Enlightenment.
The twentieth century—the Age of Freedom—changed science. The
choices became human rather than divine. In mathematics freedom
paved way to set theory, topology, probability, optimization, etc.
•
There are two different styles of writing and speaking about
mathematics. The succinct style of Euclid makes mathematics
immortal for the future generations. The emotional style of the
problems' talk of Hilbert makes mathematics a challenge for the
present generations.
•
A family is a love of humans. Humankind is the cornucopia of
loves.
•
Geometry is immortal, and so its past achievements are as handy
today as at the time of invention. Practically each educated human can
recall a bit of plane and solid geometry à la Euclid. But none of us
knows anything about Euclid's life and personality. There is no denying
that geometry becomes more human with time, and we know much more
about Gauss than Euclid.
•
Warmth of humans obeys the law of entropy, but the alive
can battle oblivion. Let negentropy prevail.
•
Good mathematics starts as a first love. If great, it turns into adult sex
and happy marriage. If ordinary, it ends in dumping, cheating or divorce.
If awesome, it becomes eternal.
•
GI's are different: One is happy of serving
whom he belongs to and the other is unhappy of serving anyone
but himself. The former is a slave, whereas the other is a free man.
•
Poincaré's elite mathematics will eventually be surpassed by a few. But
his general views and morality are immortal as shared by many.
•
Once a bully's always a bully. Once a thief's always a thief.
That's a pattern.
•
Translation is inspiration by proxy.
•
A paradox is a truth disguised as a lie.
Pseudoscience collects lies in the truth's clothing.
•
Homo precatorius is the ideal of orthodoxy.
Homo sapiens is the dream of
science.
•
Entropy grows and good turns into evil with the necessity of the second law of
thermodynamics. Adaptability, adequacy, and openness transform into
self-conceit, incompetence, and Machiavellianism in the conditions of
uncontrollable and unlimited power. Science is not an exception. History
exhibits plenty of examples, demonstrating that no branch of science
inoculates its servants with morality, and any power carries the dominant gene
of tyranny.
•
Abstraction is the freedom of generalization. Freedom is the
loftiest ideal and idea of man, but it is demanding, limited, and
vexing. So is abstraction. So are its instances in convexity, hence,
in simultaneous inequalities.
•
Freedom of set theory empowered us with many models yielding
a profusion of surprising and unforeseen visualizations of the
ingredients of mathematics. Many promising opportunities have
been open to modeling the powerful habits of reasoning and
verification.
Convexity, the theory of simultaneous
linear inequalities in disguise, is a topical illustration of the wisdom and strength
of mathematics, the ever fresh art and science of calculus.
•
Inequality is the first and foremost phenomenon of being.
Equality is second historically, linguistics notwithstanding.
Inequality paves way to freedom.
•
The complicated if not paradoxical ideology of Сommunism views the
individual freedom as necessity understood within a collective.
Collectivism tends to transform into the hegemony of
standardization and totalitarianism in much the same way as
individualism brings about the tyranny of absolutism and
globalization. Dictatorship, as the simplest form of universal
subordination, becomes the inevitable instrument of individualism
and collectivism.
•
A number is a measure of quantity. Calculus is reduction to numbers.
•
Mathematics was and still is the craft of formulation, the art
of computation, and the science of calculus.
•
Analysis appeared as differential and integral calculus.
Differentiation discovers trends, and integration forecasts
the future from trends.
•
Geometry and topology are the calculus of spatial forms.
•
Algebra is the calculus of unknowns, and
logic is the calculus of truth and proof.
•
The academic community must withstand misconduct within its ranks.
•
Mathematics is much more than its texts and their formal
analysis.
•
The unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics presupposes some
“effectiveness” that might be reasonable or unreasonable. Mathematics
deals with the simplest and universal forms of the reasoning of
humankind. There is no alternative to the mathematics we have.
Mathematics is the only universal tool for theoretical reasoning of
humankind, if we neglect revelation, mysticism, forecasting, etc. So the thesis of
unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics is nothing but an emotional
expression, presenting another self-appraisal of humankind. It is one of
the wordings of anthropocentrism like “we must know, we will now.” But
ignoramus et ignorabimus is still an unpleasant fact whereas “unreasonable
effectiveness of mathematics” is just a instance of senseless rhetoric.
•
Mathematics is the most reliable part of thinking as it is free
from subjectivism. Mathematics of the present day fails when the
Heisenberg uncertainty enters with its unavoidable subjectivism. Man
is not a quantum computer to any extent as far as we know now.
•
Cybernetics is the metatheory of automation and control.
•
The situation with science in Russia is in fact disastrous. The
Academy had lost its position of the supreme board of expertise as it
has no influence on financing neither research nor development. The
young reformists with no PhD degree are in complete power. Of course
there are decorum gestures like some advisory scientific councils that
can only make and discuss suggestions. In fact, the academic freedom
and independence are gone in Russia, replaced with the ruling of
would-be effective managers. The aim of science in Russia is now
competitiveness rather than search for truth. The aim of education
in Russia is now competitiveness rather than enlightenment.
•
The bucket list leaves no room for regrets.
•
The art of invention had belonged to mathematicians
from the Enlightenment up to Cauchy but was abandoned on
a wild goose chase of the ultimate foundation.
This underlines the modern discrepancy of mentalities in
physics and mathematics.
•
Barry Simon says: “There is a sharp dividing line between physicists and mathematicians:
whether you really ‘prove’ things in the mathematical sense of proving things.
It's the difference between demonstration and proof.”
The first proposition is agreeable, but the second seems dubious.
•
There are two different styles of writing and speaking about mathematics.
The succinct style of Euclid makes mathematics immortal for the future generations.
The emotional style of the problems' talk of Hilbert makes mathematics a challenge
for the present generations.
•
Science has never betrayed and will never compromise its principles.
Ostensibly bigoted and prone to indolence every now and then, mankind is
pragmatic and even greedy but cares for its hard-earned treasures. Anyone
likes commanding, but everyone displays vigilance and distrust of any power
and any attempt of any person or crew to manipulate others and enforce on the
others whatever personal or corporate volitions and views. Humans are not
impeccable but far from hopeless. Their scepticism, curiosity, and free mind
are the never-ending sources of the inexorable powers and astounding miracles
of science.
•
Delirium tremens and
mania grandiosa are boon companions.
•
Liberty differs from freedom, and so liberation
may fail to bring about freedom.
•
The Enlightenment was a Christian attempt to find a mathematical
wording of Lord's plot.
•
Philosophy lives but resides beyond science nowadays.
•
Under systematic discusion is the question whether scientific
genius is extinct. Scientific genius is defined as “unusual mental
ability” by the WordWeb Dictionary. A person having “exceptional
intellectual ability and originality” is also refered to as a genius
by the same dictionary. In fact the words “unusual” and
“exceptional” are crucial. Man has not changed biologically, but the
mankind grows and so the number of persons with “unusual mental
ability” is now greater than before. Moreover, the difference between
the average level of originality and ability and the “exceptional”
originality and ability, which is determined socially rather than
biologically, is much less now than before. This means that scientific
genius proliferates today and will become more common in future.
Lamentations about the past are nothing but a nostalgia about the ripe
years of the present-day elders.
•
Patriotism is responsibility for the homeland whatever great or
small.
•
Mathematics is inspiration
per se.
•
Rare love collapses in omnipresent hatred.
•
Opportunism is taking advantage of opportunities without regard
for consequences to the others.
•
Mathematics is the most reliable part of thinking as it is free
from subjectivism. Mathematics of the present day fails when the
Heisenberg uncertainty enters with its unavoidable subjectivism. Man
is not a quantum computer to any extent as far as we know now.
•
The famous Halmos saying “enlighten, not proselyte” should be
completed—“but never enlighten a proselyte.”
•
Abstraction makes obscurity into clarity, but abstraction is
impossible and fruitless without examples.
•
The ability of a chosen few to criticize the paths of intelligence
is as awesome as the starry heavens above and the moral law within.
•
The general trend of mathematics is “the search of truth by way of proof”
as Mac Lane wittily stated this. The jurisdiction of the search and
way is irrelevant for “the working core mathematician.” More tools
he/she has, more freedom he/she feels. This “working core
mathematician” is quite similar to the “core physicist” who looks for
understanding and governing the reality without any a priori
limitations on his/her equipment.
•
Since positivity is very close to positivism at least as it sounds,
the adepts of positivity may be called positivitivists.
•
Humans produce culture. Culture is in creations, actions, and
destinies. Humans are unrepeatable, and everyone contributes something
to life. One decorates and betters life, whereas the other destroys
and demeans it. The moral duty of each generation is to enrich and
safeguard culture. We transfer experience, wealth, moral principles,
and ways of behavior. Devastation does not come out of the blues, but
the destroyers of culture bring it about. Not all of them are
illiterates and barbarians, while each of the tribe is a cannibal in
soul.
•
Any human is never alone, for everyone is always among the others.
Impossibility of a person without the others gives rise to individualism and
collectivism whose extreme versions deteriorates personality.
Desire for dominance in population, as well as comprehension of one's
exclusivity and uniqueness, is the source of careerism, xenophobia,
and misanthropy. The noble want of independence
from circumstances leads often to hating the others, which ruins culture.
•
Volens nolens, but every human lives by example. The intellectual grandeur
of Russia is due to the abundance of artefacts and servants of culture in
the vast terrains of our homeland. Saint Petersburg is the center of
the Russian culture. It is the city of Peter and Catherine the Great,
Quarenghi and Rastrelli, Karamzin and Derzhavin, Pushkin and Dostoevsky,
Akhmatova and Gumilev, Golitsyn and Krylov, Alexandrov and Smirnov....
Every Russian will continue this list with respect and a throbbing heart.
That is why Saint Petersburg becomes the cultural capital of Russia.
•
Rigor is less than vigor. Rigor is temporary and conventional,
whereas vigor is a gift of the Infinite. The instances of the art of
invention are proofs of vigor. Cauchy was a genius discoverer rather
than a meticulous logician.
•
There are hundreds of various nationalities in Russia, a multitude
of different languages, and diversity of religious confessions.
However, all these particularities are inessential for a foreigner.
A Russian for a foreigner is a person who ties his or her worldline with Russia independently of
the personal ethnic origin, language, or confession.
The Russian world is the collection of the worldlines of all Russians and the culture, second nature
created by the Russians.
The noble place in the Russian world is allotted to the
pantheon of the great ancestors who made an especial contribution to culture.
The Russian world is the residence of Pushkin and Lomonosov, Korolёv and Suvorov, Gagarin and
Tolstoy, Ulanova and Aivazovsky, Mendeleev and Kurchatov, et al.
Inexhaustible is the list of the heroes of the pantheon of the Russian world.
Похвала науке
Культура — вторая природа, обогащённый или траченый мир. Наука — центр культуры.
В центре науки — человек. Доброта и свобода человека — двуединая цель науки.
Добр тот, кто не уменьшает запасы и меры добра.
Свободен тот, кто не уменьшает запасы и меры свободы.
Наука хранит человека как универсальный эталон добра и свободы.
Наука не существует сама по себе — она возникает в людях и в людях обитает.
Наука создает многообразие возможностей для человека, но самостоятельно сделать
человека ни лучше ни хуже не способна. Наука — инструмент разума, практика
изменения жизни и воззрений человека.
Человеку нужен лучший мир лучших людей. Он ищет совершенства, тонко ощущая
лишения и пороки своего существования. Человек стремится к удобству, ценит
духовный комфорт, не желает зависеть ни от собственных слабостей и глупостей, ни
от капризов природы и окружающих.
Наука открывает человеку пути решения огромного множества проблем, предоставляя
запас знаний и умений, накопленных предками.
Внутренний мир людей регламентирован моралью. Что хорошо и что плохо — наука не
различает. Наука не оценивает, не порицает и не хвалит. Роль науки для морали
опосредована — наука способствует утверждению универсального гуманизма как
главного компонента нравственности. Научное мировоззрение раскрепощает человека,
раскрывая его интеллектуальный потенциал и указывая границы его возможностей.
Знающий и понимающий человек свободен и потому открыт добру.
Человек не идеален, но способен анализировать себя и к идеалу стремиться.
Идеальный человек не может не быть духовно здоровым и сильным, самокритичным и
мудрым, открытым и ненавязчивым. Лучший человек и добр и свободен, он равный в
мире свободных и добрых людей.
Без науки нет «я», освобождённого от «мы». Только наука строго разграничивает
субъективное и объективное. Без науки нет ни творчества, ни искусства. Без науки
нет ни понимания, ни гармонии человека с миром. Без науки нет красоты.
Наука критична и в этом близка совести, главному регулятору морали. Cовесть
обязывает искать доказательства вопреки симпатии, дружбе, ненависти или
неприязни. Совесть заставляет отстаивать истину и противостоять тирании,
деградации, мистицизму и лженауке. Совесть делает человека лучше.
Наука расчищает путь к душе, оберегает от глупостей и гадостей, требуя
объективности и доказательности суждений, предохраняет от эмоций и предрассудков
при принятии решений. Наука делает человека добрее, расширяя границы здравого
смысла и калибруя совесть. Наука — и оберег и ковчег души,
катализатор счастья и понимания.
«Непопулярная наука» — это оксюморон, столь же комичный как «непопулярная
свобода». Популярный — по понятию означает рассматриваемый публикой с большим
почтением и уважением. Непопулярной науки не бывает в принципе в отличие от
непопулярных профессий, и непопулярных политиков.
Наука, добро и свобода востребованы и в эпоху процветания, и в эпоху запустения,
и в эпоху разорения. История хранит немало примеров способности науки и добра
возникать и исчезать в судьбах стран и народов. Проблема России не в отсутствии
популярности науки, добра и свободы, а в стремительной потере их
жизнеспособности в отечественном социуме.
Науку, добро и свободу губят тирания и клерикализация, гедонизм и мизантропия,
национализм и космополитизм, нетерпимость и жадность, злоба и страх, ненависть и
эгоизм — гаргойлы из сонма чудищ, пожирающих людей извне и изнутри.
Мировоззрение формируется жизнью. Человек окружён достижениями науки, что
наглядно демонстрируют его лексикон и быт. Человек наших дней в огромной мере
гражданин мира знаний. Наука — cтержень его мировоззрения, пусть не всегда
осознанный. Это накладывает на учёных особую ответственность перед сибcами.
Наука — хранитель добра и свободы, опора и надежда человека.
Наука-1 и наука-2
В суждениях о науке превалирует либо понимание науки как служения истине, либо
отношение к ней как одному из феноменов экономической системы общества. На самом
деле наука едина, но у нее есть две стороны. В первую очередь, наука — система
знаний и представлений. Это наука-1. В то же время наука — система сохранения и
воспроизводства знаний. Это наука-2.
Наука-1 — феномен во многом индивидуальный, надклассовый,
наднациональный и надсоциальный. Кем там были Птолемей, Бэкон,
Лейбниц, Гейзенберг или Петровский, какие у них индексы цитирования и
сколько они получали денег и прочих благ — обстоятельства, которые
для науки-1 никакого значения не имеют. Наука-1 есть служение истине.
Наука-2 — институт национальный и социальный. Наука-2 — служанка и
содержанка общества. В ней важно, кто ректор, а кто студент, кто
академик, а кто реципиент мегагранта. Две науки уживаются в каждом
учёном что в нашей стране, что не в нашей. Наука-1 для всех одна, ну
а наука-2 очень от страны к стране меняется. В России наука-2 больная
и давно всплыло то, что отстаивать надо, — это разговор важный, но
про другое. Путать науку-1 и науку-2 не стоит ни в тучные, ни в тощие
годы.
Научная периодика тоже под воздействием науки-1 и науки-2
находится. Научные статьи и книги в огромной мере похожи на деревья
бонсай или на декоративные лимоны в зимнем саду. Бонсай дуба не для
желудей, и лимонное дерево в гостиной не для чая и коньяка. Статьи в
научные журналы тысячи людей пишут, на них ссылаются, но их не читают
обычно даже сами авторы. Периодика к науке-1 в наше время имеет весьма
косвенное отношение.
Научная периодика возникла лет триста назад для развития науки-1, когда поиск
истины стал делом коллективным и интернациональным, а сложности личного общения
и переписки науке-1 препятствовали. В наше время истину редко в журналах ищут.
Нормальные учёные напрямую общаются без границ, и периодика лишь малая часть
этого общения. Научная периодика свою информационную роль для науки-1 давно
потеряла. Сейчас и оттиски статей в журналах почти никто не делает, да и дарить
оттиски уже вышло из моды. Сегодня институт публикаций служит преимущественно
для поддержания инфраструктуры науки-2. Именно поэтому учёные по убеждениям
подчеркивают, что импакт-факторы и индексы Хирша за пределами науки-1
расположены. Библиометрия — атрибутика науки-2. Вещи в ней важные и полезные
имеются, но к науке-1 они имеют весьма опосредованное отношение. Научная
периодика — часть медийной сферы наших дней, в которой подлинно важные события
крайне редки, а поток сообщений, умирающих в момент опубликования, колоссален.
Наука-1 без личности невозможна, но и личность учёного определяется наукой-1. В
науке-1 нет места ни для фанаберии, ни для ксенофобии, ни для зависти, ни для
рвачества и хамства. Где нет науки-1, там нет ни задач, ни результатов, ни школы,
ни лаборатории, ни института. Остаются только имитации, чины и звания, распил
бюджета, конкурсы, премии, индексы цитирования, лесть и самовосхваление, радение
родственным душам и танцы живота у властной вертикали. Наука-2 обезличена, а
обезличенность ничего, кроме вреда, науке-1 не приносит. Будущие и настоящие
гиганты науки-1 сравнимы с героями прошлого. Они столь велики, что их не
заметить нельзя, и им первым от карликов, людоедов и динозавров достаётся. Палки
ставят обычно в чужие колёса. И пробавляются этим либо те, у кого своих колёс
нет и в проекте, либо те, кому чужие колёса омерзительны. Людские пороки
проникают в учёных через науку-2.
Г.И. Будкер учил отличать науку от «околонауки» и учёных
от «околоучёных».
Отмечая трудности распознавания имитаторов от науки, он писал: «Естественным
критерием отличия могла бы служить результативность. В науке есть результаты, а
в «околонауке» их нет. Но эту результативность могут видеть опять же только
специалисты высокого класса, ибо люди около науки умеют создавать и видимость
результатов».
Разрывы науки-1 и науки-2 в России связаны с увеличением бюрократизма под
флагами диверсификации, приближения к мировому тренду, десоветизации,
болонизации и т. п. К сожалению, учёные часто подыгрывают чиновникам аргументами
в стиле — в США или в Швеции иначе и там хорошо. Россия не США и не Швеция —
у нас нехорошо или хорошо не по американским или шведским, а по собственным
российским причинам.
Болеющему за науку учёному не стоит забывать, что наука-1 в нём самом обитает, а
сам он существует в науке-2. С того, как он себя позиционирует по отношению к
науке-1 и науке-2, начинаются и величие и профанация науки.
Панацея России
Культура — вторая природа. Русская культура — часть второй природы,
относящаяся к России.
Сначала люди думают, а после делают. Горькие пропойцы, наивные идиоты и безмозглые
дураки заметного созидательного вклада в культуру не вносят. Мышление
осуществляется в языке. Львиная доля русской культуры создана людьми, думавшими
и писавшими на русском языке. Русский язык — основа русской культуры. Нет
никаких оснований считать Россию и русский язык исключениями из общих правил.
Похожие, если не те же в точности соображения можно высказать и о других
великих нациях, о роли национальных языков в их национальной культуре.
Стержневой элемент материальной и духовной культуры — наука.
Как система знаний и основанных на них представлений наука интернациональна и в этом
не знает рас и не имеет границ. Наука как элемент национальной культуры, как
финальный продукт и среда обитания национальных научных школ и национальной
системы образования связана с нацией, её языком, менталитетом и традициями.
Развитие науки в России немыслимо без научной литературы и образования на
русском языке. Русская наука — это наука на русском языке.
Эйлер не писал по-русски и влияние его идей на русскую культуру проявилось
усилиями Ломоносова и Остроградского. Эпохальная математика Эйлера, созданная в
России на русские деньги, но написанная на французском, немецком и латыни, долго не могла стать
элементом русской культуры. Воспитанные до революции старые учителя корифеев
советской математики помогали своим ученикам писать первые статьи по-французски
и по-немецки, интернализируя русскую мысль с помощью тогдашних мировых языков
науки. Молодые гении вскоре прославили Россию в математике статьями, написанными
по-русски — на том языке, на котором они творили. Не исключено, что расцвет
математики в России связан с особенностями русской ментальности, сохранённой в
русском языке.
Востребованность русских учёных другими культурами — свидетельство жизненной
силы системы функционирования науки на русском языке. Русская диаспора обязана
русской культуре своими позициями за рубежом. Русский язык не
имеет долгов перед диаспорой, не вносящей вклад в культуру России. Не стоит
увлекаться филиппиками о преследовании инакомыслия в России, о массовых исходах
элиты в царские, советские и постсоветские времена. Нет оснований относить
самовластье, тиранию, экстремизм, глупость и порожденные ими катаклизмы в России
к исключительным феноменам русского духа и традиции.
Курбский, Герцен, Плеханов,
Бунин, Горький, Керенский, Набоков, Шульгин, Бродский, Солженицын всегда были и
остаются знаковыми фигурами русской культуры.
Примат русского языка в образовании и науке России не исключает, а
подразумевает серьёзное отношение к обучению и использованию
иностранных языков и, прежде всего, английского языка, ставшего
инструментом межнациональной интеграции в науке. Самоизоляция и окукливание
крайне губительны для здоровья родного языка. Представители научной
русской диаспоры в англоязычных странах нередко говорят и пишут
по-английски с безобразными ошибками. Между тем именно это
обстоятельство выводит русскую диаспору за пределы интеллектуальной элиты
страны обитания, доставляя нашим соотечественникам немалый дискомфорт.
Горько наблюдать на международных конференциях слайды выдающихся научных докладов,
написанные представителями русской культуры с недопустимыми для мало-мальски
грамотного человека ошибками. Ещё печальнее распространённое суждение
о том, что безграмотность — вещь третьестепенная, лишь бы доклад был
неглупым по содержанию. Пренебрежительное отношение к чужому языку —
заурядная фанаберия. Неуважение к культуре делает человека
бескультурным. Какую культуру невежа игнорирует, значения при этом не
имеет.
Спасением науки в России не станут ни англофильство, ни
западничество, ни космополитизм, ни ура-патриотизм, ни
шапкозакидательство, ни призывы к мировому сообществу учить русский
язык и штудировать православных богословов. Прогресс невозможен без
постоянной канализации мировой науки в русскую ментальность. Лучшие
духовные достижения человеческого гения должны быть общедоступны
на русском языке. Не следует
апеллировать к внешним силам и преувеличивать роль диаспоры. Диаспора
— механизм ассимиляции русского духа в иную среду обитания. Источник
русской культуры — Россия. Панацея России — русский язык.
При забвении и деградации русского языка регресс России неизбежен. Модернизация
России требует укрепления позиций русского языка как главного инструмента
отечественной науки и образования.
Наука
исчислять и доказывать
Европейская цивилизация отсчитывает новую эру от рождества Христова.
Расположение нуля на временнóй оси — вещь малозначительная. Гораздо
большее воздействие на современное мировоззрение оказало библейское
учение о богоподобности человека. Жители дохристианских цивилизаций
редко рассматриваются такими же богоподобными, как современные люди.
Между тем молекулярная генетика доказала, что как биологические особи
мы не слишком отличаемся от своих пращуров.
Наиболее древние останки анатомически современного человека, найденные
в Африке, датированы серединой второй сотни тысяч лет до нашей эры.
Считать наших предков более глупыми существами, чем мы, значит
уподобляться верхоглядам, ставящим себя выше Ньютона и Бора на том
зыбком основании, что первые сочинения классиков читали, а классики
ничего не слыхали не только про наших верхоглядов, но и про чудесные
жидко-кристаллические дисплеи. Образованность — великое достоинство,
но никаких природных качеств образование нам, к сожалению, не
добавляет. Наши палеолитические предки обладали теми же
умственными способностями, что и мы. Именно это обстоятельство
даёт надежду правильно понять и воссоздать их интеллектуальные
достижения спустя многие тысячелетия.
Сознание и мышление начинаются с фиксации тождества и различия: я и не
я, мать и отец, мокро и сухо.
Различия по ощущениям бывают двух сортов — качественные и
количественные. Слово «качество» происходит от латинского
qualis, т. е. «какого рода». Слово «количество» — от
латинского
quantus, т. е. «как велико», «сколь много».
Качественные различия мы выражаем вариантами слов «такое же» и
«другое». Различия другого типа — количественные — связаны со
словами «столько же» и «не столько», «больше»
и «меньше».
Качественные различия трудно соизмерять и градуировать. Меры различных
качеств — вещь весьма таинственная даже для современного человека.
Как правило, мы пользуемся всего тремя общими градациями, например
«такое же мягкое», «мягче» и «самое мягкое». Количественные
различия проще поддаются более тонкому и детальному анализу. Аппаратом
такого анализа служат числа. В самом общем смысле
число — это
мера количества.
Человек обладает даром счёта. Счёт простых количеств
осуществляется с помощью натуральных чисел. Как отметил А. Пуанкаре:
«Единственный естественный предмет математической мысли есть целое
число». Важнейшая особенность счёта — возможность его повторения,
объективной проверки правильности и достоверности результата счёта.
Доказательный счёт представляет искусство исчисления, которое
принято называть математикой.
Простейшими приёмами исчисления люди заведомо владеют около 30 000
лет. Первые материальные свидетельства искусства счёта — кости с
правильно расположенными зарубками — археология относит к верхнему
палеолиту.
Зарубки ставятся в определённой последовательности, то есть связаны с
некоторым упорядочением. Иначе говоря, человек овладевал искусством
счёта с помощью инструмента, который в современной математике
называют ординальными числами. Чрезвычайно важно подчеркнуть, что
фиксация количества с помощью зарубок существенно изменяет самый смысл
последовательного счёта. Счёт с фиксированием зарубок отделяется
от личности считающего и обеспечивает безупречную процедуру
объективной проверки результата — пересчёт по зарубкам. Новая
процедура является доказательной, давая абсолютно верный результат.
Таким образом, с древнейших времён математика вошла в жизнь людей как
искусство доказательных вычислений.
Мы редко задумываемся о том, что археологическая кость с зарубками
такая же неотъемлемая часть нашей культуры, как Интернет. В качестве
яркой иллюстрации стоит напомнить о традиции вести счёт в английском
казначействе с помощью зарубок на специальных палках, бирках. Эти
бирки были упразднены только в 1826 г., но продолжали храниться в
Вестминстере до 1843 г., когда их стали сжигать в одной из печей
палаты лордов. В результате возник пожар, уничтоживший как палату
лордов, так и палату общин. Чарльз Диккенс высмеивал современных ему
бюрократов, бичуя их за этот дикий эпизод в своей знаменитой речи от
27 июня 1855 г. в Ассоциации по проведению реформы управления
страной.
Английский термин stockholder, знакомый любому финансисту наших
дней, происходит от слова stock, которым в средние века именовали
более длинную часть разрубленной бирки с засечками, указывающими
сумму, которую сохранял человек или банк, давший её в долг.
Использование бирок в качестве юридического документа в финансовых
сделках подтверждает безусловную доказательную силу древнего метода
счёта с помощью зарубок.
Среди человеческих артефактов эпохи неолита в Мессопотамии найдены
глиняные токены — абстрактные фигурки разных геометрических форм.
Принято считать, что эти токены использовались для учёта разного вида
имущества — голов скота, коробов зерна, сосудов с маслом и т. п.
К пятому тысячелетию до нашей эры относят появление булл
— специальных, часто шарообразных ёмкостей, содержащих
токены (иногда выделяют два типа
агрегатов токенов, собственно
буллы и
конверты).
Эти буллы могли использоваться для более полных форм контроля, например, как накладные
документы. Булла, наполненная токенами, представляет собой
материальный символ кардинального числа. Таким образом, уже в каменном
веке человек владел тонким искусством ординального и кардинального
счёта.
В пластах несколько более позднего периода найдены буллы, на
поверхности которых выдавлены отпечатки вложенных внутрь токенов.
Такая мера позволяла осуществлять дополнительную проверку правильности
счёта с помощью токенов данной буллы. По теории Денизы
Шмандт-Бессера буллы с дополнительными оттисками токенов на внешней
поверхности служат материальными свидетельствами зарождения клинописи.
Любопытно, что назначение булл долгое время оставалось загадкой. К
счастью, при раскопках Нузи (древнего урартского города на месте
нынешнего Киркука в Ираке) была обнаружена примечательная булла,
датируемая 1500 г. до нашей эры. На этой булле имелась надпись:
«Камни: 21 племенная овца, 8 баранов, 6 овечек, 4 ягненка, 6
племенных коз, 1 козёл, 2 козочки. Печать Зигарру». Внутри этой буллы
было ровно 48 токенов.
Дальнейшее развитие математики в Мессопотамии и Египте отмечено
отсутствием тяги к абстракции и скучными чертами крайнего
утилитаризма. Дошедшие до нас из тех мест и времён письменные тексты
по математике посвящены конкретным частным проблемам. Сколь-либо
абстрактные задачи не ставятся, а общие закономерности и приёмы никогда
не формулируются. Доказательств вовсе нет, а их место
занимают примитивные предписания. Хотя искусство счёта быстро
развивалось, было существенно усовершенствовано и дополнено приёмами
измерения фигур, математика оставалась ремеслом и искусством.
Наукой, то есть системой знаний и основанных на них представлений,
математика стала в Древней Элладе. Греки обогатили
интеллектуальный инструментарий человечества аксиоматическим методом и
особым исчислением пространственных форм, которое мы теперь именуем
евклидовой геометрией.
Сочинение Евклида «Начала» — чудесный
феномен античной культуры, одно из самых прекрасных и вечных
свершений человеческого гения. Евклид придал математике безупречную
форму науки, основанной на доказательствах.
Математическое доказательство стало обязательным элементом поиска истины.
Новая революционная технология познания отличает математику Евклида
от достижений всех предшественников из Египта, Вавилонии, Урарту
и от творений Фалеса и Пифагора, живших всего за двести лет до Евклида.
Методология и стиль Евклида благоденствуют уже два с половиной тысячелетия,
по-прежнему привлекая необыкновенной красотой удивительного сочетания
лапидарности, точности, достоверности и объективности.
Со времён Евклида до наших дней математика — наука исчислений и
доказательств.